Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental condition that involves persistent challenges in social interaction, speech and nonverbal communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. The effects of ASD and the severity of symptoms are different in each person. ASD is called a “spectrum” because there is wide variation in the type and severity of symptoms people experience.
ASD occurs in all ethnic, racial, and economic groups. Although ASD can be a lifelong disorder, treatments and services can improve a person’s symptoms and ability to function. The American Psychiatric Association merged four previously distinct diagnoses into one umbrella diagnosis of ASD in 2013. These included autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger syndrome.
Here are the types of ASD:
- Autistic Disorder: This is sometimes called “classic” autism. It is what most people think of when they hear the word “autism”. People with autistic disorder usually have significant language delays, social and communication challenges, and unusual behaviors and interests. Many people with autistic disorder also have intellectual disability.
- Asperger Syndrome: People with Asperger syndrome usually have some milder symptoms of autistic disorder. They might have social challenges and unusual behaviors and interests. However, they typically do not have problems with language or intellectual disability.
- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder: Also known as Heller’s syndrome, this is a rare condition characterized by late onset of developmental delays—or severe and sudden reversals—in language, social function, and motor skills. Researchers have not been able to find much evidence about what causes childhood disintegrative disorder or how it differs from other ASDs.
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS): This mouthful of a diagnosis included most children whose autism was more severe than Asperger’s syndrome, but not as severe as autistic disorder. People who meet some of the criteria for autistic disorder or Asperger syndrome, but not all, may be diagnosed with PDD-NOS.
- Rett Syndrome: Previously considered part of the ASD family, Rett syndrome is now recognized as a genetic disorder. It is caused by mutations on the X chromosome on a gene called MECP2. Rett syndrome is reported almost exclusively in girls and leads to severe impairments, affecting nearly every aspect of the child’s life: their ability to speak, walk, eat, and even breathe easily.
The diagnosis of ASD is based on analysis of all behaviors and their severity. It is important to note that a professional evaluation by a psychologist, neurologist, or psychiatrist who has experience with ASD is the only way to accurately diagnose the spectrum of disorders.
If you or someone you know is seeking a diagnosis for ASD, it is crucial to seek out a thorough evaluation from a qualified medical professional. They will be able to provide guidance on the specific type of ASD, if present, and the best course of action for treatment and management of the condition.
For more information on ASD and its types, you can visit reputable sources such as the World Health Organization, WebMD, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
